Myopia or near sightedness is an eye defect in which the image of the object being seen is formed in front of the retina, unlike the normal image formation on the retina. This causes near placed objects to be viewed clearly, but objects that are situated far off appears to be blurred. The two causes of myopia are: either the eye ball is too wide or the cornea is too steep which leads to formation of the image in front of the retina, rather than on it. As the image is formed on the vitreous inside the eye, this leads to the formation if a blurred image.

Symptoms of Myopia

The main symptoms of this eye defect include blurred viewing of far off objects, extreme headaches and giddiness while concentrating on far off objects. While looking at distant objects, myopic people tend to squint their eyes.

Diagnosis of Myopia

A patient's vision for the detection of myopia is tested by making him read letters or numbers on a chart posted a set distance away (nearly 20 ft). The investigating doctor/ optometrist asks the patient to look at and read the board through a variety of lenses to obtain the best correction.  Optometrist concerned also carefully examines the inside of the eye and the retina. An instrument known as a slit lamp is used to examine the cornea and the eye lens. The prescription for the corrective eyeglass is written in terms of dioptres (D), which measure the degree of refractive error. Based on this prescription, the patient can get the corrective eyeglasses or contact lenses made.

Treatment

There are 2 ways of treating the problem of myopia and achieving clear vision again. One can choose the preferred treatment by them on the basis of age, health, intensity of the defect and the cost factor. The two possible alternatives are:

• Corrective lenses: According to the vision testing results, eye glasses or contact lenses with the prescribed power can be purchased and made use of for restoring proper vision. This is the best possible treatment as it is the least invasive, longest-standing, and the most adjustable option. In young age, the power keeps fluctuating time and again. Glasses and lenses can be changed from time to time. They are also more economical than other treatment i.e. Laser surgery.

• Laser surgery:  Laser surgery is another widely accepted treatment for myopia. There is a good percentage of success rates in treating Myopia of eye through Laser Surgery. In most of the cases, a patient does not need to wear eye glasses or lens after surgery. In some cases, there may again occur the need to wear the glasses.

Prevention of Myopia

The following points should be taken care of, from an early age for prevention of myopia:

• Do not watch T.V. or computer, continuously for long stretches of time. Take a break, wash your eyes and look around after every 40 minutes.
• Watch T.V. from a distance. Do not sit too close and watch. It will strain and eventually damage the eye muscles.
• Take a diet rich in vitamin A, with lots of papaya, carrots, milk products, cod liver oil and meat.
• Get routine vision tests done.

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As the name suggest, its inability to distinguish between certain colors. A person suffering with color blindness may not be able to see certain colors or distinguish between certain colors.

Causes Of Color Blindness

• Genetic Susceptibility/ Inherited Color Blindness

There are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye, called Cone cells. These cells send the signals about the colors of the object to the brain. Brain analyses the signals from the cone cells and depicts the color of the object. The cone cells need bright light to function and that why we are unable to see colors in dark. In color blindness, cone cells are unable to send the correct signal to the brain and thus the person is unable to detect the right color of the object.

• Acquired color blindness – very less often, certain other disease may also cause color blindness, this is called acquired color blindness.
• Aging – gradual aging of the cells of the eye may also lead to color blindness

Symptoms Of Color Blindness

• Inability or difficulty in distinguishing between colors.
• Person with color blindness is usually unable to distinguish between red and green or blue or yellow.
• Inability to distinguish between different shades of the color.
• People with severe color blindness may not be able to see certain colors at all.
• Inherited or genetic color blindness effects both the eyes and is present from the birth.
• Acquired color blindness may affect one eye or may affect one eye more than other

Treatment For Color Blindness

• There no treatment for the inherited color blindness
• Acquired color blindness can be managed by treating the underlying disease

Eyecare For Color Blindness

• Use of specially tinted eyeglasses may help to distinguish between colors
• If a person is unable to see colors at all, use of dark glasses side shields may help in better vision
• Early detection of color blindness in the children is important. Child may be having problems in school because of color blindness and may lead to low self esteem in the child. If detected early, school teacher can be informed and suggestions may be given in order to make the child learn colors in better way.

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